These are from Proto-Indo-European to Ancient.

Short words go through less changes.

Place assimilation to consonant right after.

2 slashes mean 2 seperate conditions.

You keep the s in parantheses

Long vowels become overlong if lengthened

Phonologies

P.I.E.

Consonants:*/p,t,k,ḱ,kʷ/b,d,g,ǵ,gʷ/bʰ,dʰ,gʰ,ǵʰ,gʷʰ/s,h₁,h₂,h₃ /[z]/m,n,[ŋ]/r,l,y[j],w/

Vowels:*/e,ē,o,ō,r̥,l̥,m̥,n̥,h₁(ə),h₂(ɐ),h₃(ɵ)/

Proto-Ancient

Consonants:/p,t,c,k,q,t͡s,t͡ɕ/b,d,ɟ,g,ɢ,d͡z,d͡ʑ,/f[ɸ],þ[θ],s,š[ç],x,χ,h/v[β],ð,z,ž[ʝ],ɣ,ʁ/m,n,[ɲ,ŋ,ɴ]/r,l,j,ɥ,ɰ,w/

Vowels: /i[ɪ],y,ɵ,ï[ɯ],u[ʊ],e,ə,o,a,ɐ/ī,ȳ,ï̄[ɯː],ū,ē,ō,ā/s̥ š̥[ɕ̩] /z̥ ž̥[ʑ̩]/

[ɕ,ʑ] are allophones of [ç,ʝ]

(E: front vowel, A: back vowel, O: rounded vowel, T: stop, R: sonorant !_: not, V includes syllabic consonants)

First things first (not actual rules):

  • {ḱ,ǵ,ǵʰ} > {c,ɟ,ɟʰ}

  • {h₁,h₂,h₃} > {h,xʷ,χ} / [consonantal]

  • {h₁,h₂,h₃} > {ə,ɵ,ɐ} / [syllabic]

The real sound changes:

  1. 1.

    TʰVTʰ > TVTʰ

  2. 2.

    {bʰ,dʰ,ɟʰ,gʰ,gʷʰ,ɢʰ,ɢʷʰ} > {β,ð,ʝ,ɣ,ɣʷ,ʁ,ʁʷ}

  3. 3.

    V̄ > V / _RC

  4. 4.

    {[velar],w} > {[uvular],ʁʷ} / _{o,u,ɐ,a,R̥,χ}

  5. 5.

    {t.s,st,tst,tsd} > t͡s ; {ds,sd,dst,dsd} > d͡z

  6. 6.

    s > ʃ / {[velar],r,u}_ ; z > ʒ / {[velar],r,u}_ s > ɕ / {[palatal],l,i}_ ; z > ʑ / {[palatal],l,i}_

  7. 7.

    {k,g,c,ɟ} > {t͡s,d͡z,t͡ɕ,d͡ʑ} / _E

  8. 8.

    {t͡s,d͡z,t͡ɕ,d͡ʑ} > {s,z,ɕ,ʑ} / !V_

  9. 9.

    {ɕ,ʑ} > {ç,ʝ}

  10. 10.

    N₁R > N₁T₁R

  11. 11.

    S₁R > S₁T₁R

  12. 12.

    {wu,wo} > ū ; {ji,je} > ī

  13. 13.

    Cʷ > Cu / _{C,#}

  14. 14.

    !O > O / Cʷ_

  15. 15.

    {[velar/uvular]ʷ,w} > {[bilabial],β} / _{E,ɵ,ə,[} [velar/uvular]ʷ > [velar/uvular] / _{A,ɐ}

  16. 16.

    N > N₁ / _T₁

  17. 17.

    N₁T₁[+voice] > N̄₁

  18. 18.

    NT[+voice] > N̄

  19. 19.

    j > ɥ / _O / O_ ; w > ɰ / _!O / !O_

  20. 20.

    {r̥,n̥} > ɯ ; {l̥,m̥} > u

  21. 21.

    E > A / ...[uvular]...

  22. 22.

    {e,i} > {ɤ,ɯ} / _...A ; {o,u} > {ø,y} / _...E

  23. 23.

    !R[-voice] > !R[+voice] / V_V / _C[+voice] !R[+voice] > !R[-voice] / _# / _C[-voice] V > V̄ / _[rule 23.1]

  24. 24.

    {S,ç,ʝ} > {S̥,ɕ̥,ʑ̥} / {C,#}_{C,#}

  25. 25.

    VR > RV / C_C

  26. 26.

    V > V̄ / C_.

  27. 27.

    i[+short] > ɪ / [-stress] ; u[+short] > ʊ / [-stress] {y,ø,o}[+short] > ɵ / [-stress] {ɯ,e,ɤ}[+short] > ə / [-stress]

  28. 28.

    Primary stress shifts to first syllable and previously accented vowel gets lengthened

  29. 29.

    Every second syllable after primary gets secondaryly stressed after first

  30. 30.

    N̄ > N / [-stress]

  31. 31.

    V[+high] > G / V_ / _V

  32. 32.

    {ʃ,ʒ,t͡ʃ,d͡ʒ} > {ç,ʝ,t͡ɕ,d͡ʑ} / _{E,ɵ,ə} {ʃ,ʒ,t͡ʃ,d͡ʒ} > {s,z,t͡s,d͡z} / _{A,ɐ}

  33. 33.

    ɪ > i / [+stress] ; ʊ > u / [+stress] {ɵ,ə} > {ø,e} /_[+stress]...E {ɵ,ə} > {o,ɤ} /_[+stress]...A ɐ > a

  34. 34.

    {t,d,s,ʃ,n}j > {t͡ɕ,d͡ʑ,ʃ,ç,ɲ}

  35. 35.

    z > r / V_V

  36. 36.

    CVCV (repeated) > CV

  37. 37.

    {{ji,ij},{ɥy,yɥ},{ɰɯ,ɯɰ},{wu,uw}} > {ī,ȳ,ɯ̄,ū}

  38. 38.

    V̂ > V̄ > V

  39. 39.

    {{ə̄,ə̂},{ɵ̄,ɵ̂},{ɐ̄,ɐ̂}} > {ə,ɵ,ɐ}

  40. 40.

    {i[+short],u[+short],ø,ɤ} > {ɪ,ʊ,y,ɯ}