Ancient Translation guide

Place assimilation to consonant right after.

2 slashes mean 2 seperate conditions.

You keep the s in parantheses

Long vowels become overlong if lengthened

Consonants:*/p,t,k,ḱ,kʷ/b,d,g,ǵ,gʷ/bʰ,dʰ,gʰ,ǵʰ,gʷʰ/s,h₁,h₂,h₃ /[z]/m,n,[ŋ]/r,l,y[j],w/

Vowels:*/e,ē,o,ō,r̥,l̥,m̥,n̥,h₁(ə),h₂(ɐ),h₃(ɵ)/

Consonants:/p,t,c,k,[q],t͡s,t͡ɕ/b,d,ɟ,g,[ɢ],d͡z,d͡ʑ,/f[ɸ],þ[θ],s,š[ç],x,[χ],h/v[β],ð,z,ž[ʝ],ɣ,[ʁ]/m,n,[ɲ,ŋ,[ɴ]]/r,l,j,ɥ,ɰ,w/

Vowels: /i[ɪ],y,ɵ,ï[ɯ],u[ʊ],e,ə,o,a,ɐ/ī,ȳ,ï̄[ɯː],ū,ē,ō,ā/s̥ š̥[ɕ̩] /z̥ ž̥[ʑ̩]/

[ɕ,ʑ] are allophones of [ç,ʝ]

Uvulars are allophones of velars

(E: front vowel, A: back vowel, O: rounded vowel, T: stop, R: sonorant !_: not, V includes syllabic consonants)

First things first (not actual rules):

{ḱ,ǵ,ǵʰ} > {c,ɟ,ɟʰ}

{h₁,h₂,h₃} > {h,xʷ,χ} / [consonantal]

{h₁,h₂,h₃} > {ə,ɵ,ɐ} / [syllabic]

The real sound changes:

TʰVTʰ > TVTʰ

{bʰ,dʰ,ɟʰ,gʰ,gʷʰ} > {β,ð,ʝ,ɣ,ɣʷ}

V̄ > V / _RC

{[velar],w} > {[uvular],ʁʷ} / _{o,u,ɐ,a,R̥,χ}

{t.s,st,tst,tsd} > t͡s ; {ds,sd,dst,dsd} > d͡z

s > ʃ / {[velar],r,u}_ ; z > ʒ / {[velar],r,u}_ s > ɕ / {[palatal],l,i}_ ; z > ʑ / {[palatal],l,i}_

{k,g,c,ɟ} > {t͡s,d͡z,t͡ɕ,d͡ʑ} / _E

{t͡s,d͡z,t͡ɕ,d͡ʑ} > {s,z,ɕ,ʑ} / !V_

N₁R > N₁T₁R

S₁R > S₁T₁R

{wu,wo} > ū ; {ji,je} > ī

Cʷ > Cu / _{C,#}

!O > O / Cʷ_

{[velar/uvular]ʷ,w} > {[bilabial],β} / _{E,ɵ,ə} [velar/uvular]ʷ > [velar/uvular] / _{A,ɐ}

N > N₁ / _T₁

N₁T₁[+voice] > N̄₁

j > ɥ / _O / O_ ; w > ɰ / _!O / !O_

{r̥,n̥} > ɯ ; {l̥,m̥} > u

E > A / ...[uvular]...

{e,i} > {ɤ,ɯ} / _...A ; {o,u} > {ø,y} / _...E

!R[-voice] > !R[+voice] / V_V / _C[+voice] !R[+voice] > !R[-voice] / _# / _C[-voice] V > V̄ / _[rule 22.1]

{S,ç,ʝ} > {S̥,ɕ̥,ʑ̥} / {C,#}_{C,#}

VR > RV / C_C

V > V̄ / C_.

i[+short] > ɪ / [-stress] ; u[+short] > ʊ / [-stress] {y,ø,o}[+short] > ɵ / [-stress] {ɯ,e,ɤ}[+short] > ə / [-stress]

Primary stress shifts to first syllable and previously accented vowel gets lengthened

Every second syllable after primary gets secondaryly stressed after first

N̄ > N / [-stress]

V[+high] > G / V_ / _V

{ʃ,ʒ} > {ç,ʝ} / _{E,ɵ,ə} ; {ʃ,ʒ} > {s,z} / _{A,ɐ}

{ɕ,ʑ} > {ç,ʝ}

ɪ > i / [+stress] ; ʊ > u / [+stress] {ɵ,ə} > {ø,e} /_[+stress]...E {ɵ,ə} > {o,ɤ} /_[+stress]...A ɐ > a

{t,d,s,ʃ,n}j > {t͡ɕ,d͡ʑ,ç,ɲ}

z > r / V_V

CVCV (repeated) > CV

{{ji,ij},{ɥy,yɥ},{ɰɯ,ɯɰ},{wu,uw}} > {ī,ȳ,ɯ̄,ū}

V̂ > V̄ > V

{{ə̄,ə̂},{ɵ̄,ɵ̂},{ɐ̄,ɐ̂}} > {ə,ɵ,ɐ}